"Tsar" was used once by church officials of Kievan Rus' in the naming of Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev. In the Bulgarian as in the Greek vernacular, the meaning of the title had shifted (although Paisius' Slavonic-Bulgarian History (1760–1762) had still distinguished between the two concepts). However, these titles were not generally perceived as equivalents of "emperor" any longer. With the declaration of full independence, Ferdinand I of Bulgaria adopted the traditional title "tsar" in 1908 and it was used until the abolition of the monarchy in 1946. Īfter Bulgaria's liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its new monarchs were at first autonomous prince ( knyaz). The pope, however, only speaks of reges (kings) of Bulgaria in his replies, and eventually grants only that lesser title to Kaloyan, who nevertheless proceeds to thank the pope for the "imperial title" conferred upon him. Thus, in the later diplomatic correspondence conducted in 1199–1204 between the Bulgarian ruler Kaloyan and Pope Innocent III, Kaloyan-whose self-assumed Latin title was "Imperator Bulgarorum et Blachorum"-claims that the imperial crowns of Simeon I, his son Peter I, and Samuel were somehow derived from the papacy. It has been hypothesized that Simeon's title was also recognized by a papal mission to Bulgaria in or shortly after 925, as a concession in exchange for a settlement in the Bulgarian- Croatian conflict or a possible attempt to return Bulgaria to union with Rome. Since in Byzantine political theory there was place for only two emperors, Eastern and Western (as in the Late Roman Empire), the Bulgarian ruler was crowned basileus as "a spiritual son" of the Byzantine basileus. After an attempt by the Byzantine Empire to revoke this major diplomatic concession and a decade of intensive warfare, the imperial title of the Bulgarian ruler was recognized by the Byzantine government in 924 and again at the formal conclusion of peace in 927. However, the title "tsar" (and its Byzantine Greek equivalent basileus) was actually adopted and used for the first time by his son Simeon I, following a makeshift imperial coronation performed by the Patriarch of Constantinople in 913. ![]() The sainted Boris I is sometimes retrospectively referred to as tsar, because at his time Bulgaria was converted to Christianity. ![]() In 705 Emperor Justinian II named Tervel of Bulgaria "caesar", the first foreigner to receive this title, but his descendants continued to use Bulgar title " Kanasubigi". Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is the only living person who (as Simeon II) has borne the title "tsar". ![]() Simeon II, the last tsar of Bulgaria, is the last person to have borne the title tsar. The first ruler to adopt the title tsar was Simeon I of Bulgaria. Tsardom of Russia, in 1547–1721 (replaced in 1721 by imperator in Russian Empire, but still remaining in use, also officially in relation to several regions until 1917).Bulgarian Empire ( First Bulgarian Empire in 681–1018, Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185–1396), and also used in Tsardom of Bulgaria, in 1908–1946."Tsar" and its variants were the official titles of the following states: It lends its name to a system of government, tsarist autocracy or tsarism. The term is derived from the Latin word caesar, which was intended to mean " emperor" in the European medieval sense of the term-a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor, holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official (the Pope or the Ecumenical Patriarch)-but was usually considered by western Europeans to be equivalent to "king". Tsar ( / z ɑːr, s ɑːr/ or / t s ɑːr/), also spelled czar, tzar, or csar, is a title used by East and South Slavic monarchs.
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